Nvivo User Group - Intro

This is a starting point for my own NVivo usage. It might be used as a kernel for a local NVivo User Group (NUG).

You work NVivo by assigning attributes to data, linking comments or memos with data, categorising, modelling, searching.
It is a partially recursive and continuous process that eventually reaches saturation.
Using the tool this way embodies the essence of grounded theory, that is, concepts and ideas are grounded in, emerge from, engagement with the field and what we identify as evidence (often misunderstood as data).

NVivo is a rather open ended platform for doing this, particularly as it allows for native annotation of various kinds/types/sources of evidentiary traces. Again, I'm avoiding the term "data".

I am not going to describe NVivo, the menus, ribbon, mechanics of accessing particular functions or any other product feature walk-through stuff. The training courses I've taken were organised just like this, more about using NVivo that carrying out research. So, no boring disconnected stuff like: creating/opening/saving projects, familiarity with the workspace, adding material, nodes, coding with nodes, adding memos and annotations, importing and analysing spreadsheets (i.e. surveys and demographics), framework matrices, queries collections and search, charts, and reports.
For a functional view of how NVivo works review the getting started guides listed below or search for others.

What I am going to describe is some basic research workflow or work-activity that just happens to be performed using NVivo.

Activity scenarios for a historical research project

Exercises

1. Having found a new primary source document: a large scanned report of around 100Mb pdf...

Add a reference to the document as an 'external' source

Open this new element and write out a skeletal structure, table of contents etc, as a backbone to add your own (indirect) coding (nodes and memos).

2. Having found a new primary source document: a page on a newspaper's website...

Click on the NCapture widget from the browser.

Choose between article as pdf or webpage as pdf. Supposedly selects between downloading a representation of the whole webpage versus the bare article. Expect it to generate a file up to 5Mb or more depending on how much content is captured.

I only use this if I'm feeling lazy or if the whole document is interesting, including ad placements etc.

3. Importing NCaptured pages into the project

Select Data>NCapture. NVivo monitors NCapture downloads and offers of list of them for you to import.

4. How do I how to go about 'folding' a new item into the research?

Add memos, link them to nodes, edit the memos again and again...

Talking point: Why bother linking a memo with a source item or a node?

Hmm, I'm not really sure why we're limited to one memo 'link'. It means a 'memo' is a kind of floating annotation. A 'link' in NVivo seems to be used for a special, unique relationship. However you can use 'node coding' for multiple relationships between the memo, but not directly to source items (internals or externals). In that case you've got to go 'through' an intermediate 'node' relationship...

Talking point: While coding (linking to nodes) a new item I notice a theme emerging

I can make annotations in-line, but annotations are local to the document. What I'm thinking of is a new global item, a memo.

So make a new memo, give it a meaningful title, and edit it to start building up the idea of this theme.

However don't forget to link it back to the coded (noded) passage in the item I was working on before...

For me memos are kernels of analysis and argument that eventual evolve into my research paper. A scrapbook of partially thought-through ideas the I'll copy/paste into a working article.

Talking point: Adding a document to the project.

First problem, should I add it as an internal or an external? It depends.
If the document is a huge digital object (100s of Mb or Gb in size) or unreadable by NVivo then use external.
If it is small and readable (e.g. text, pdf, jpg, mp3, mp4, etc) then use internal.
Internal is generally better because you can create in-place links (i.e. hyperlinks) between parts of the document and your coding (nodes, memos etc). Coding an internal or in-situ document is easier because the document itself structures the order and location of your nodes, memos etc. Coding an external document implies that you'll create a skeleton, index, table of contents or other indexing structure for linking coding.

Talking point: Coding, once having added a new source document to the project.

Second problem, this kind of implies that you either have some 'nodes' or that you will spontaneously generate some.
As a starting point I took a initial research proposal and 'made up' terms as nodes in the project.
In the first instance you should just lump them all together as top level nodes. They can be organised into hierarchies but leave that job to later. In fact you will definitely reorganise nodes many times over.
A new top level node can be configured to aggregate sub-nodes; just check "aggregate coding from child nodes" if you want this behaviour. You can turn it on or off.

Talking point: Messing around in the project using "find", sets (collections), classifications, node matrices...

A set is just a way of making loose collections or shortcuts within NVivo. Use sets to organise nodes and sources in some way; like a way to collect narrative documents or things node-coded as narrative? You can add or delete set members without affecting the original items.

Talking point: What's the point of Memos if you can only link them once?

I don't know. You might have thought that you could do the same thing with memos, that is, 'link' them with various relevant instances of evidence in multiple items... Well hard luck. You can't. From the help system - Understanding Memo Links; "Each source or node can have one memo linked to it and that memo cannot be linked to any other item. You can also have memos that are not linked to any item". :-(

Questions:
Lucy
Novice?
What do I do? Total novice?
Basic format you want Word documents in?
What if one is on a PC and the other on a Mac?
What does NVivo do for me?

Marius
Total novice. How do I get started?
How to enter data? How to analyse it, coding techniques?
I want something that does the whole thing? Ironic.
How to do intercoder reliability? Is there a system test or report that can provide data on that?


Jury
Total novice, same questions.
Specifically, what are the pitfalls?
If I ask the system to give me evidence for a specific construct? How reliable is that?
How about linking constructs?

Fiona
I have blocks of data, that look disconnected, random. How to translate that into something that will answer my research question (magically).

Betul
Total novice.
I'm a qualitative researcher, want to to translate into a quantitative format. Some kind of quants?
Content or statistical analysis.

Paul
Advanced beginner.
20 case studies, 50 interviews, industry blocks.
Want to do analysis within and across these elements.


Refs
QSR International's YouTube site
Using NVivo: An Unofficial and Unauthorized Primer by Shalin Hai-Jew
Loads of getting started guides:
NVivo 10 for Windows Getting Started (from QSR)
NVivo Introduction Workbook (Finders University)
NVivo Advanced Workbook (Finders University)

Twine syntax

My notes on Twine - From the twine2:guide [Twine Wiki]

Patterns you can use in a "passage" (n.b. very much like 'markdown' syntax)

---

[[xxxx]]

[[a link to some topic]] generates a clickable link or hyperlink matching the preamble to the Twine "passage" of the same title (a link to some topic), or assume you wish to create a new passage with that text as the title name.

---

[[ xxxxx|xx]]

[[a link to a topic when you click on this text |the new topic title]] will hyperlink the preamble text to a Twine "passage" titled "the new topic title", or assume you wish to create a new passage with that title name.

---

Some examples from the Twine guide showing how this pattern has been extended...
The arrow indicates where (which passage) the clickable text links to.

[[Open the cage door->Devoured by Lions]]
[[Devoured by Lions<-Open the cage door]]

---

Introduce a random element to the narrative (sticking with built-in story format "Harlowe")

The referee reveals that the coin is (either:"heads","tails").

---

Use HTML markup to include images i.e.:

<img src="the URL of your image" width="500" height="300" alt="Two foxes">

---

The evolution of the Postcode issue in Ireland (2010-2016)

Historical studies such as this capture, illustrate, and inform. They offer the benefit of social critique, temporality and contingency surrounding seemingly given facts and the facticity of society. Foucault's genealogy as method. Historiography - the more conventional approach to historical method.

The project: faltering first steps

From 2010 to the present the postcode project grew gradually from a concept to a reality.
Finally given a home in the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources (DCENR) to project also increasingly attracted the attention of the members of the National Statistics Board, its constituent organisations, and the group of agencies involved in spatial classification initiatives \footnote{Public agencies involved in the Small Area Spatial Code included: NSB, SOGSI, CSO, NESC, SGSES.

The DCENR invited tenders in late January 2010 for a Project Manager to advise on the implementation of a national postcode system.
However the tender had to be cancelled three months later due to a \enquote{technical issue}.
By May a new tender notice for a \enquote{Project Management Services for the Implementation of a National Postcode System} was posted on the e­tenders website and the delayed process commenced again.
Submissions closed in June, and in September 2010 PA Consulting Services Ltd were appointed to provide Project Management services for the project.
Then in November 2010 DCENR posted a prior Information Notice (PIN Notice) on the etenders website to their intention to tender for a body to implement and maintain the National Postcode System (NPS).

January 2011 saw the release of the pre-qualification questionnaire (PQQ) for applicants seeking to be appointed as the Postcode Management Licence Holder (PMLH).

However in September later that year a Project Status report stated \enquote{The procurement milestones given in the PQQ are indicative. The procurement process is still ongoing.} \citep{2014_PostcodesNews.pdf)

Limited visibility

The postcode project slips in and out of public view over the period 2011-2014.

In 2012 a statement from the National Statistics Board originally titled "CSO position on postcodes”, welcomed the Minister’s decision to proceed with the implementation of the postcode project and the establishment of the National Postcode Projects Board \citep{2012_Stat_value_postcodes_draft_20042012.doc}. 

In this policy statement the NSB set out its position on the desirable features and design principles for the new postcode.

They emphasised the extremely desirable approach of a GIS point based allocation of postcode to future proof the code and for compatibility with extant area based systems. 

Such a code would use grid reference/GPS technology. 

By implication a geo-coordinates approach avoids the problem of disambiguating households grouped together into small area clusters.

The principle of dual use, for post but also for other spatially oriented social purposes: Government service provision, resource allocation and measurement, epidemiology, demography etc.

The goal being for a consistent system of small area geographic coding across all Government departments.

The postcode was presented as one of the \emph{core data pillars}, the others including the Personal Public Service Number, unique business number, a central business register, and a national address register.

They acknowledged however that memorability will be problematic if the code was too long, or had little or no user comprehendible semantic content.

They also emphasised the need to overcome data protection concerns, to ensure that householders \textbf{volunteer disclosure} to \enquote{data owners} e.g. the utilities, Government departments, public services, business and others.

In a parallel development, on 26th July 2012 ComReg established the process by which third party operators could apply for and obtain a license to provide a postal service \citep{2012_ComReg1281n.pdf}.
This opened the way for parties other than An Post to apply to provide postal services in Ireland.

Discontented industry

A year later industry starts expressing concern at the slow pace of development and growing discontent with the design direction or stated intent of the project.

The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport in Ireland made a public submission in advance of the Minister for Communications (Pat Rabbitte) taking the formal postcode proposal to Cabinet on September 2013 \citep{2013_SubmissionOnPostcodes_2013.pdf}

In arguing for adoption of a ‘unique identifier postcode’ system the Institute highlighted the existence of four fully functional Geo code systems already developed for Ireland~\footnote{

\begin{itemize}
\item GeoDirectory: http://www.geodirectory.ie/Home.aspx  

\item OpenPostcode: http://www.openpostcode.org/ 

\item Loc8Code: http://www.myloc8ion.com/ 

\item Go Code: http://www.gocode.ie/

\end{itemize}

}

: GeoDirectory, OpenPostcode, Loc8Code and Go Code.

They asserted that overarching requirements for the postcode were that it should be:

\begin{itemize}

\item It should be granular

\item It should be scalar

\item Open-sourced

\item It should be decodable

\item It should be “Beyond Post”

\end{itemize}

\blockquote{The Institute considers that a National Postcode would only constitute value for money if it is capable of producing unique identifiers.} \citep[pp. 6]{2013_SubmissionOnPostcodes_2013.pdf}

It went on to argue that traditional area, route or sorting office based postcodes are a legacy of old postal services and that modern needs would benefit by a more granular postcode system and recommending \enquote{to tie geo-location to actual address}.

13 points were listed in favour of the introduction of a postcode system versus 6 points against. 

They also responded to the reservations expressed by the Data Protection Commissioner and presented counter arguments to those concerns. 

Likewise they discounted argument for postcode memorability by claiming that citizens routinely memorise 10 digit phone numbers.

Announcing the \enquote{New} unique 7 character letter box code.

Finally in October 2013 the project annonced \blockquote{agreement from the Cabinet for the roll out of a new National Postcode System that will provide a unique seven character code to every letter box in the State by 2015.}\citep{2014_PostcodesNews.pdf}

On January 27, 2014, Minister Rabbitte welcomed the signing of the National Postcode System contract and also announced a revised timeline for the project's events, phases and activities (see the document).

\blockquote{\enquote{I look forward to the public starting to use postcodes, which we expect to be in the first half of 2015.} Minister Rabbitte, 2014}~\citep{

2014_MinisterWelcomesSigningOfNationalPostcodeSystemContract_27012014.pdf

}

A 10 year contract had been awarded to Capita to implement and manage the Eircode system, with reference to BearingPoint and Autoaddress as providing support for the design, encoding and roll-out. 

The project would cost €25 million over 10 years, half of which would be spent improving public service databases.

In broad terms the postcode would be a 7-character alpha numeric code in which existing Dublin postal district IDs or a code for county would occupy the high level routing key, followed by a random code identifying the postal address.

The code would be stored in a central Postcode Address Database (PAD). 

Geo-coordinates would be associated with each code. 

Free public access would allow citizen to match postcodes to addresses (although unclear if it would be free to lookup and match addresses to postcodes)

On April 28, 2014, the minister for Communications, publicly launched \enquote{Eircode}; the new location code for Irish addresses. 

\textbf{Eircode} was described as:

begin{itemize}

\item \enquote{a publicly-owned postcode system}; 

\item \enquote{a piece of modern national infrastructue}, 

\item that would\dots \enquote{easily link with databases, online maps, satnavs and smart phones}

\item and \enquote{bring opportunities and benefits to public, business and government} 

\item promising that\dots \enquote{"every Irish address will get a unique code,}

\item and benefit from effeciences in \enquote{delivery of social services such as healthcare and emergency services to people in rural areas}

\end{itemize}

However the announced system was not universally welcomed.

Representatives from state emergency and voluntary services organisations wrote that the proposed format for the Eircode had the potential to make emergency services less effective. 

\blockquote{With the proposed system, if the code is recorded incorrectly by the call centre, it could send the ambulance or fire engine 10 miles away. (John Kidd, IFESA national chairman) \citep{2014_Inside-Track-Eircodes-4_2014.pdf}}. 

Others in the Geo code industry also expressed concerns.

\blockquote{Eircode is not designed for finding places, it has no navigation intuitiveness. The problem it is solving is property identification for tax purposes, not in finding a location. (Gary Delaney, founder of Loc8Code)} 

In support of the Eircode system others responded that it would \enquote{allow fast and accurate location of incidents (director of the National Ambulance Service)}.

And a spokesperson for the Department of Communications, Energy & Natural Resources was quoted as saying

\blockquote{It should be pointed out that Eircodes will always be used in tandem with addresses and can be accurately verified immediately. \citep{2014_Inside-Track-Eircodes-4_2014.pdf}}

Sourcing Impact: Conclusions

Discussion and future work

The principles developed by UNPRI (United Nation Principles for Responsible Investment) provide an example of how investment decisions may explicitly account for sustainable social and environmental concerns thereby benefiting global cohesion and equity. (KDIS 2015)

Conclusions
Linking IT outsourcing decisions with their social impact has heretofore been limited to discourse and persuasiveness of argument.

We have identified ambiguity and problematic aspects of the use of the label "financial attractiveness".
The model developed here addresses these concerns and offers a new approach to incorporate societal economic factors in the decision making process.
It makes a novel contribution by linking social index data with a published management tool for sourcing location decision making.
Including ethical impact consideration is shown to be feasible by the inclusion of independent international social economic data.
This approach extends the scope of location comparison and decision making processes in a transparent and objective manner.

As mentioned in the introduction, the ethical issues of global sourcing are becoming more important.
Clients looking to develop long term relationships with their offshore partners are increasingly paying greater attention to corporate social responsibility.
One of the most significant considerations surrounding an offshore outsourcing decision is how the question of quality of life at the supplier location may be linked with the motivation of the client organisation.
However this important consideration is not explicitly reflected in the current offshoring indexes and rankings.
Our model illustrates one way of addressing this weakness for inclusion in future rankings in order to better reflect the social potential and impact of offshoring.
We can conclude that management decision tools like the GSLI can have a dual use; to identify and highlight locations that would acquire significant societal benefits from involvement in sourcing activity while also identifying locations that can meet the demands of the IT outsourcing industry.
The end result is to expand the scope of IT offshore outsourcing decision making, to include social impact and ethical considerations in an unbiased and evidence based manner.

Coping with news automation (robots, news feeds, intelligent agents etc)

(Simeon's material)

The VTC exercise offers an experiential opportunity to behave, cope, deal with the exigencies of news automation (robots, feeds, agents etc). The impact of automated journalism is driving a separation between the values and principles of journalism (ref: http://ethicaljournalismnetwork.org/en/contents/5-principles-of-journalism) and actors desire to control or manipulate information.

These capabilities may be broadly framed along the discourses of collective intelligence/ crowdsourcing that can be automated and human based (or both). There are two interesting directions for research: first, to consider that socio-technical practices/ processes that make these assemblages possible are oftentimes remain neglected (in a way techno determinism 2.0); second, assumptions around the idea of collective intelligence/ automation of big data seem to call for a new critique a la Dreyfus on AI or AI 2.0. Both directions seem to be connected as well and can broadly seen as critical stance to the broader 'big data’…

In terms of assumptions surrounding the 'impact'  of big data we see claims in areas such as automated journalism, that they are having an impact in driving societal responses, not merely at informing the populace.

News feeds aggregating social media activity in or near 'real-time' may act as the first sign or signal of a major event, incidents such as: the Paris attacks of Nov 13 2015 (link to an article on social media unfolding), the Aug 12 2015 Tianjin explosions, the Nepal earthquake of April 25 2015, the Charile Hebdo attacks of Jan 7 2015, or the Mar 11 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami that led to the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

The following scenario simulates a major event taking place in the Netherlands. Your role, as a member of a team of crisis-mappers, is to report on what is actually happening.

You are tasked with creating a description (map, timeline, narrative) of the unfolding situation in order to help first responders and emergency services, to establish what is happening, when and where it occurred.

Process:
Consume news and information (collapsing on train)
Theory - hypothesis formation (from a person suffering heart attack to gas attack on train)
Trust/test - Narrative coherence (triangulated independent sources)

Legitimacy Matrix	Verified/True	Uncertain/Doubtful	Unknown/unverified
Immediate result	:-)	:-\	:-|
Delay (mins - hrs)	:-\	:-|	:-(
Delay (days)	:-|	:-(	:-(

Team A: https://sites.google.com/site/thecrisismappers/

Team B: https://sites.google.com/site/workshoptestice/

Team C: https://sites.google.com/site/theptolemysociety/

VTC Team C

To following is my real-time analysis of key points in the time-line needing verification analysis:
My focus is on data trustworthiness, accuracy, relevance. All statements must stand up to source-checking protocol. Focus on actionable, reliable evidence/intelligence.

Comments:
Unstructured data monitoring. Not necessarily any useful hashtags in play at the outset, how to monitor efficiently?
Positive (instances, traces, events) data sources:
Standard search term agents in continuous circulation (e.g. "bang", "gas", "shooting", "collapse". Traffic/chatter volumes.
Image detection agents (e.g. crowds running, signature image vibration in webcams, image saturation)
Audio agents (e.g. sound pulses, signature noises).
Negative (unexpected absence of information) data sources:
Dropped data feeds, blackouts, localised absence of traffic data, failed checkins.

Twitter
8:00
Mac collapses
Train delays
Train commotion
Train gas leak
Gas smell schiphol
8:02
8.05
Police and medics at rail (pic)
London calling ignore:
DutchTrainCo announces avoid Schiphol.
KevinChan bomb or somthing
Paul smells like down there (actually there?)
8:13
Dutch_News 2 passengers critical arrive hospital.
8:14
4 in hospitcal
Person: Someon ecolplapsedin m ctrain
Amar RT
8:18
Dutch_News: Victims redirected to other hospital (more?)
8:19
#needcoffeenow
8:21
Dutch_police please avoid Schipol
Dutch_police Hague CS to be avoided.
8:30
(fromiPhone?)
Dutch_News prep emergency patient surge
8:32
Dutch_News traffic
8:34
Dutch_Police suspect sarin
8:40
Boyfriend was terrorist

Live stream commentary:
8:10
We Video repeats much of same info from twitter feed (stock footage?)
8:15
Not live video but appears to be clips from today, and some photos
8:40
Sarin announcement, victims and hospital congestion

Appendix:

A report is verified if confirmed by:

• Mainstream news media (i.e. NOS)
• Other reliable news sources (i.e. “Dutch News”)
• Report on same event that has been verified already by two independent sources
• Information from the Dutch Governement or other official organizations or agencies (Police or Fire)
• Twitter communication (proceed with caution!!!) - twitter should only be verified if you have twitter communication with the person who submitted the original tweet and they can provide additional sources of confirmation that meet verification criteria.  If you are unsure, ask.  Paste any new info into the description box of the report.  If the issue is urgent/an emergency, communicate the issue immediately to your team leaders via skype and/or email.

A report is NOT verified if confirmed by:

• Retweets or multiple tweets on the same event
• Multiple unverified reports that say the same thing
• Report is of “allegations” or other unverified information
• There no direct link to the source

Verification Matrix

(Inspired by SBTF Verification Matrix)

This matrix contains different types of information and their verification needs. This is not an exhaustive list; new items will likely be identified to suit the specific emergency situation. However, this list provides a good idea of the types of information that will probably be requested. It will also show which layers can be built prior to an emergency, to speed up the creation of the maps.

Urgency (can depend on the scenario):

1 = Very Urgent

2 = Urgent

3 = Not Urgent

Verification Level (can depend on the scenario):

1 = only information from Trusted Sources should be considered verified (e.g. government websites, major organizations, etc.)

2 = if 3 separate sources report the same thing, the information can be considered verified.

3 = no verification required

Info Type	Layer Details	Urgency Level	Verification Level
I. Open Source Items
Locality Information	Shelters, food distribution centres and relief stockpiles, as identified by local authorities	1	2
	Local population density	3	2
	Hotels, Supermarkets, Groceries, Pharmacies	1	2
	Local First Response Centres: Hospitals, Fire Stations, Police Stations, etc.	2	1
	Key Local Government Buildings	2	1
	‘Gathering’ places.	2	2
	Transportation Lines and Points: Roads, Rails, Airports, Ports, bus terminals, etc.  Any closures, road blocks, check points, etc…	1	2
Events, Incidents, Hazards	Locations of incidents - Protests, explosions, assassinations, blockades, etc. Extent of natural disaster ·      Flood extent, earthquake damages, etc. ·      Public health threats – e.g. Dengue Fever Zone ·      Trajectory	1	2
	Hazards & Risk (e.g. Fault Lines, Low-lying flood plains, microzonation maps, storm trajectories, etc.)	1	2
	Bridges or tunnels at risk of structural instability or collapse.	1	2
	Reported deaths/injuries	1	1
II. Closed Sourced Items
	Alternate routes to main transportation hubs	1	2
	Areas to avoid	1	2
	Planned Evacuation Routes/Points	1	2
	Planned Assembly Points	1	2
	Forecasts & Risk Assessments	1	2
	Identified ‘hazardous areas’	1	2

Writing cases and case teaching notes

Introduction
A case is a story, so it has to be interesting, like a story, with a narrative, told and holding to whatever genre is chosen (confessional, detective, fiction, non-fiction).
Cases are also stories, backed up with evidence.
Like any story it needs strong characters, characters written with personalities.
Although unlike stories cases depend on data, on evidence offered in different ways.
Evidence may be peppered or buried within the case narrative, or it may be provided in appendices.
Furthermore, cases are driven by or offer challenges.
Cases generally problematise something or construct a nexus, a point in time, in tension, a point at which key decisions.
However a case may also present an on-going situation rather than a crisis.

Structure
The opening paragraph is the hook.
All writers succeed or fail at the opening.
The first sentence, the first paragraph will either offer your reader an inducement to continue, or put them off.

Exhibits and appendix:
When starting to write a case it may be helpful to prepare the case notes in advance.
For example, corporate results, policy documents or summary, an advertisement, a job description, a cost spreadsheet, a definition, an anecdote, a timeline, samples of before or after artifacts for contrast etc.
A group template

Teaching notes:
Typically teaching notes are x2 pages longer than the case.
How would you use the case for a one class period.
Can the case be used for multiple classes?
Consider one particular overarching question per lesson period.
Teaching notes would tend to include variant lesson plans, structured exercises.
Offer worksheets for use by students perhaps including one or more of the following...
A case may be used to apply two or three different theoretical frameworks e.g. knowledge management, governance, dimensions of distance, supplier perspective, client perspective, lifecycle perspective, technology, power etc. PEST (Political, Economic, Social and Technological) factors, Porter five forces, SWOT, stakeholder analysis, resource analysis,

What kind of case is it?
A capstone case dealing with strategic management?
A mini case dealing with outsourcing governance?

EndNote Web at UCD

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